AP U.S. History flashcards
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Unit 1: Period 1: 1491–1607
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Topic 1.1 · Which one fitsA student writes that Period 1 began when Europeans arrived in an empty continent. Which part of the period's context does that leave out?
It leaves out the many distinct Native societies already living in North America in 1491, each adapted to its own environment. Contextualizing the period starts there, before the European voyages.
Review: 1.1 Contextualizing Period 1
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Topic 1.1 · Say it in contextIn your own words, what does it mean to contextualize a development such as a 1584 charter?
Describe the larger situation around it that helps explain why it happened as it did, such as rivalry among European kingdoms, the Columbian Exchange and the search for wealth, rather than only retelling the event.
Review: 1.1 Contextualizing Period 1
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Topic 1.2 · Which one fitsMaize farming spread north from present-day Mexico, while another society moved through the year to follow food and water. Which setting supported each: the Southwest, or the Great Basin and western Great Plains?
Maize cultivation spread into the Southwest, supporting settlement, irrigation and more varied roles in society. The dry Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains supported largely mobile lifestyles.
Review: 1.2 Native American Societies Before European Contact
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Topic 1.2 · Say it in contextA society in the Northeast farmed, hunted and lived in permanent villages. What kind of economy was that, and what made it different from one that only hunted?
It was a mixed economy, combining farming with hunting. The farming gave it a steady food supply that supported permanent villages, which a purely mobile hunting life usually did not.
Review: 1.2 Native American Societies Before European Contact
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Topic 1.3 · Which one fitsOne charter promises the crown a share of any gold and silver. Another names spreading Christianity as a purpose. Which motive does each show?
The share of gold and silver shows the motive of wealth. Spreading Christianity shows the religious motive. Rulers' grants and charters show wealth, competition and religion working together, not one motive alone.
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Topic 1.3 · Spot the mistakeA student says Spain and Portugal divided the Americas at Tordesillas, so every European power respected that line. What is the mistake?
England and France never signed the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. They licensed voyages and colonies of their own, which is evidence of competition among kingdoms rather than agreement.
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Topic 1.4 · Which one fitsWhich crops traveled from the Americas to Europe after 1492: maize and potatoes, or horses and cattle?
Maize and potatoes went from the Americas to Europe, where they helped the population grow. Horses and cattle, with pigs, wheat and sugarcane, went the other way, from Europe to the Americas, in the Columbian Exchange.
Review: 1.4 Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest
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Topic 1.4 · Say it in contextWhy did epidemics of smallpox help Spanish conquest in the Americas?
Smallpox was new to the Americas, so Native people had no built-up immunity and huge numbers died. Societies weakened by death and disruption were easier for the Spanish to conquer.
Review: 1.4 Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest
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Topic 1.4 · Know the termWhat is a joint-stock company, and which English company that founded Jamestown is the example?
It is a business owned by many investors who buy shares, pool their money and share profits and losses. The Virginia Company of London is the example, and such companies paid for long voyages.
Review: 1.4 Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest
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Topic 1.5 · Which one fitsWhich system gave Spanish colonists the labor or tribute of Native people, and which system sorted colonial people by birthplace and ancestry?
The encomienda granted colonists the labor or tribute of Native people. The caste system defined the status of Europeans, Africans, Native Americans and people of mixed ancestry.
Review: 1.5 Labor, Slavery, and Caste in the Spanish Colonial System
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Topic 1.5 · Say it in contextWhy did Spain turn to enslaved Africans as Native populations fell?
Epidemics and forced labor collapsed Native populations, so the Spanish imported enslaved Africans, who were forced to work on plantations and in mines. European traders partnered with some West African groups to obtain captives.
Review: 1.5 Labor, Slavery, and Caste in the Spanish Colonial System
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Topic 1.6 · Which one fitsOne side saw land as something a community uses; the other saw it as property to own. Does that difference show a shared worldview or clashing worldviews?
It shows clashing worldviews. Europeans and Native Americans held different views of religion, gender roles, family, land use and power, and that is why early trade was full of misunderstanding.
Review: 1.6 Cultural Interactions Between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans
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Topic 1.6 · Say it in contextWhat was the Valladolid debate, and what question did it ask?
It was a Spanish debate held in 1550 and 1551 over how Native peoples should be treated. It shows European leaders arguing about non-Europeans while still justifying their rule.
Review: 1.6 Cultural Interactions Between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans
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Topic 1.7 · Which one fitsWhich claim about Period 1 is defensible: "Voyages changed only the Americas" or "Voyages changed both sides of the Atlantic"?
The second. Epidemics, conquest and new labor systems remade the Americas, while new crops, American silver and rivalry for land changed Europe. A defensible claim shows both sides of the ocean.
Review: 1.7 Causation in Period 1
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Topic 1.7 · Spot the mistakeA causation paragraph says "Columbus arrived, so Europe became rich." What is missing from a strong argument?
Specific evidence and an explained link. A strong paragraph names a development such as silver from American mines helping Europe shift from feudalism toward capitalism, then explains how it led to the effect.
Review: 1.7 Causation in Period 1
Unit 2: Period 2: 1607–1754
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Topic 2.1 · Which one fitsMatch each goal to an empire: furs through trade alliances, wealth from Native labor, or land for farming settlers. Which empires are France or the Netherlands, Spain, and England?
France and the Netherlands sought furs through trade alliances. Spain sought wealth drawn from Native labor. England sought land for a large number of farming settlers. Their goals shaped their colonies.
Review: 2.1 Contextualizing Period 2
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Topic 2.1 · Say it in contextWhy do historians call the British colonies both closer to Britain and more resistant to it between 1607 and 1754?
Exchanges of goods and ideas tied the colonies to Britain and to one another, but those ties also encouraged resistance to British control. Both trends belong in the same period's context.
Review: 2.1 Contextualizing Period 2
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Topic 2.2 · Which one fitsWhich empire relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians, and which drew many men and women who farmed land taken from Native Americans?
French and Dutch colonies, with relatively few Europeans, relied on trade alliances and intermarriage to get furs. English colonization drew comparatively many settlers who farmed Native land and lived apart.
Review: 2.2 European Colonization
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Topic 2.2 · Say it in contextHow did Spain's goal of extracting wealth shape its colonial society?
It led to institutions that subjugated Native peoples and converted them to Christianity, and it drew enslaved and free Africans, with Native peoples, into Spanish colonial society.
Review: 2.2 European Colonization
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Topic 2.3 · Which one fitsWhich region grew around small towns, family farms and a mixed economy, and which exported tobacco with indentured servants and later enslaved Africans?
New England, settled by Puritans, had small towns, family farms and a mixed economy. The Chesapeake exported tobacco, first with mostly male white indentured servants and later with enslaved Africans.
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Topic 2.3 · Say it in contextWhy did colonists build unusually democratic self-government for the time?
Distance and England's lax attention at first left colonists to rule themselves, through town meetings in New England and through assemblies dominated by elite planters in the South.
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Topic 2.4 · Which one fitsIs tobacco shipped to England best described as a commodity or a charter?
A commodity: a good produced for sale, such as tobacco, sugar or furs. The Atlantic economy linked Europe, Africa and the Americas through such goods and through enslaved people.
Review: 2.4 Transatlantic Trade
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Topic 2.4 · Say it in contextWhat was Britain trying to do with the Acts of Navigation, and why was enforcement uneven?
Britain tried to fit its colonies into a coherent imperial structure for mercantilist gain, with the colonies supplying goods and trade. Conflicts with colonists and American Indians made enforcement erratic.
Review: 2.4 Transatlantic Trade
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Topic 2.5 · Which one fitsWhich was a conflict over land that led to war in New England, and which pushed Spain to accept some Native ways in the Southwest?
Metacom's War, also called King Philip's War, was fought in New England over land and boundaries. Resistance in the Southwest, especially the Pueblo Revolt, pushed Spain to accommodate some American Indian culture.
Review: 2.5 Interactions Between American Indians and Europeans
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Topic 2.5 · Say it in contextWhy did European colonies ally with American Indian groups, and why did Native groups seek those alliances?
Colonies wanted help with trade and conflict against rivals, and they armed Native allies. Native groups sought European allies of their own against other American Indian groups.
Review: 2.5 Interactions Between American Indians and Europeans
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Topic 2.6 · Which one fitsWhich place received the great majority of enslaved Africans: New England, the Chesapeake or the West Indies?
The West Indies. New England held relatively few enslaved laborers, port cities held significant minorities, and the Chesapeake and southern Atlantic coast held large numbers.
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Topic 2.6 · Know the termWhat does chattel slavery mean, and how did colonial laws make it lifelong?
A person is held as property who can be bought and sold. Laws defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity, passing the status to children.
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Topic 2.7 · Which one fitsWhich was a wave of Protestant revivals that deepened pluralism and exchange: the First Great Awakening or the Enlightenment?
It is a wave of Protestant revivals that deepened pluralism and exchange among religious groups. The Enlightenment is the separate European movement trusting reason, which also spread in the colonies.
Review: 2.7 Colonial Society and Culture
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Topic 2.7 · Say it in contextWhy do historians say the colonies became more English over time even as they grew more varied?
Trade among the colonies, a shared transatlantic print culture and Protestant evangelicalism made them more English, as each built a self-governing community on English models, alongside a mix of peoples and faiths.
Review: 2.7 Colonial Society and Culture
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Topic 2.8 · Which one fitsA comparison claim says Spain built on subjugation and conversion, France on trade alliances, England on settlers. Which factor does it use to compare the empires?
It compares their goals for land and labor, which shaped each empire's society, politics and relations with American Indians. A comparison needs a category, not only a list of facts.
Review: 2.8 Comparison in Period 2
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Topic 2.8 · Spot the mistakeA student compares New England, the middle colonies and the Chesapeake but only lists each region's crops. What is missing?
A claim about similarity or difference and the reason for it, such as environment, economy, culture and population. Naming crops is evidence only after you explain how it supports the comparison.
Review: 2.8 Comparison in Period 2
Unit 3: Period 3: 1754–1800
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Topic 3.1 · Which one fitsWhich was the Seven Years' War's result for Britain: a larger empire that needed revenue, or a smaller one that needed fewer troops?
A larger empire. Britain won Canada in 1763, then tried to tax and govern the colonies more closely, which met colonial resolve to pursue self-government.
Review: 3.1 Contextualizing Period 3
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Topic 3.1 · Say it in contextWho did colonists insist could tax them, and why did that become a movement for independence?
Colonists insisted that only their own assemblies could tax them. Britain's push to assert imperial authority collided with that claim of self-government, and the conflict grew into the independence movement.
Review: 3.1 Contextualizing Period 3
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Topic 3.2 · Which one fitsWhich 1763 event gave Britain Canada, and which British order tried to keep colonists off lands reserved for American Indians?
The peace of 1763 had France give Canada to Britain, and Spain gave Florida. The Proclamation of 1763, issued in October, reserved lands beyond the colonies for American Indians, and many colonists opposed it.
Review: 3.2 The Seven Years’ War (The French and Indian War)
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Topic 3.2 · Say it in contextWhy did victory in the Seven Years' War lead Britain to seek revenue in America?
Winning vast new lands came at tremendous expense, and Britain needed money to defend its larger empire. That drove new efforts to raise revenue and to keep colonists out of the West.
Review: 3.2 The Seven Years’ War (The French and Indian War)
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Topic 3.3 · Which one fitsWhich laws were passed by a Parliament with no colonial members: the Stamp Act and Townshend duties, or the colonists' non-importation agreements?
The Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend duties of 1767. Colonists protested being taxed without their consent. Non-importation agreements were the colonists' own boycott response.
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Topic 3.3 · Spot the mistakeA student says colonists opposed all taxes. Why does that misstate the argument?
Colonial leaders argued that only their own assemblies could tax them, as British subjects with traditions of self-rule. The objection was to taxation without representation or consent, not to every tax.
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Topic 3.4 · Which one fitsIn 1774 Congress rested colonial rights on nature, the English constitution and charters. In 1776 the Declaration rested independence on what?
On "the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God." Rights from nature did not depend on Britain, so they could support separation as well as protest.
Review: 3.4 Philosophical Foundations of the American Revolution
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Topic 3.4 · Say it in contextWhat does "consent of the governed" mean in the Declaration of Independence?
A government's just powers come from the people it governs. It is about where authority comes from, not a promise that everyone agrees to every law.
Review: 3.4 Philosophical Foundations of the American Revolution
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Topic 3.5 · Which one fitsWhich force turned out from the first day of fighting, and which was raised by Congress in June 1775 under George Washington?
Militias, local forces of armed citizens, turned out from the first day. The Continental Army was raised by Congress, and Washington became its commander in chief.
Review: 3.5 The American Revolution
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Topic 3.5 · Say it in contextWhy did France's 1778 alliance matter to the Patriots' victory?
The Treaty of Alliance aimed to secure American independence, and French help was one reason the Patriots won despite Britain's advantages. The British surrender at York in 1781 was to the combined forces of America and France.
Review: 3.5 The American Revolution
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Topic 3.6 · Which one fitsWhich Pennsylvania act ended slavery gradually, and which ideal asked women to teach republican values in the family?
The Gradual Abolition Act of 1780 freed children born after it once they reached age 28. Republican motherhood gave women a new place in political culture while keeping them in the home.
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Topic 3.6 · Spot the mistakeA student says Pennsylvania's 1780 act freed all enslaved people at once. What is the mistake?
It was gradual abolition. Children born after the act served until age 28 and then went free, while people already enslaved stayed enslaved if their owners registered them.
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Topic 3.7 · Which one fitsUnder the Articles of Confederation, who held sovereignty and who laid the taxes?
Each state kept its sovereignty, had one vote, and laid the taxes. A limited Congress could not handle trade, money and disputes, and changing the Articles needed every state.
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Topic 3.7 · Say it in contextWhat did the Confederation Congress accomplish with the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?
It set a path to statehood for the Northwest Territory, encouraged schools, protected property and banned slavery there, even though the Articles gave Congress little other power.
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Topic 3.8 · Which one fitsWhich compromise gave the House seats by population and each state two senators, and which counted enslaved people for House seats?
The Great Compromise did the first. The three-fifths clause counted three-fifths of enslaved people for House seats, a compromise that protected slavery.
Review: 3.8 The Constitutional Convention and Debates over Ratification
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Topic 3.8 · Say it in contextHow did the Federalists win ratification over the Anti-Federalists?
They made their case in the Federalist Papers, written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, and promised the amendments that became the Bill of Rights. Anti-Federalists feared a central government too powerful.
Review: 3.8 The Constitutional Convention and Debates over Ratification
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Topic 3.9 · Which one fitsIs the division of power between the national government and the states federalism, or separation of powers?
Federalism. Separation of powers is the division of national power among legislative, executive and judicial branches, which check one another.
Review: 3.9 The Constitution
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Topic 3.9 · Say it in contextHow can the Constitution be both limited and dynamic?
Government holds only the powers the Constitution grants, which limits it. But Congress may make laws necessary and proper to carry them out and the Constitution can be amended, which makes it dynamic.
Review: 3.9 The Constitution
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Topic 3.10 · Which one fitsWho led the Federalists and who led the Democratic-Republicans in the 1790s?
Alexander Hamilton led the Federalists. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison led the Democratic-Republicans. Their parties grew from disagreements over national power, the economy, foreign policy, and liberty and order.
Review: 3.10 Shaping a New Republic
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Topic 3.10 · Say it in contextWhy did Washington's Farewell Address warn against party spirit and permanent foreign alliances?
Parties had just formed, and the young republic dealt with Britain, Spain and revolutionary France through diplomacy and neutrality. He warned that parties and permanent alliances could divide and entangle the nation.
Review: 3.10 Shaping a New Republic
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Topic 3.11 · Which one fitsWhich book described the American as "this new man": Crevecoeur's Letters From an American Farmer, or the Federalist Papers?
Crevecoeur's Letters From an American Farmer, published in 1782. It described the American as made from many European nations by a new way of life.
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Topic 3.11 · Spot the mistakeA student claims a single American identity ended regional differences by 1796. What does Washington's warning show?
Regional differences lasted. In 1796 Washington still had to warn against parties formed along lines of "Northern and Southern, Atlantic and Western."
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Topic 3.12 · Which one fitsWhich 1794 treaty promised that Britain would withdraw posts on land the 1783 peace gave the United States?
Jay's Treaty. Britain's alliances with Indian nations had deepened tension with the United States, and the posts stayed until the treaty.
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Topic 3.12 · Say it in contextHow did antislavery laws in the North and spreading slavery in the deep South begin to divide the regions?
Pennsylvania's gradual abolition law and the Northwest Ordinance's ban stood against slavery's spread in the deep South, so attitudes toward slavery began to differ by region.
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Topic 3.13 · Which one fitsWhich of these continued after independence: slavery, or British colonial rule?
Slavery continued, protected in much of the nation. Regional differences and conflict on the borders with Britain and Spain also carried on, while colonial rule ended.
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Topic 3.13 · Spot the mistakeA continuity and change paragraph lists only what changed after 1783. What is missing?
What stayed the same. Strong answers use specific and relevant evidence for both, such as the Constitution as a change and the continuing protection of slavery as a continuity.
Unit 4: Period 4: 1800–1848
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Topic 4.1 · Which one fitsWhich three developments set the context for 1800 to 1848: a more participatory democracy, a market revolution, and what kind of expansion?
Expansion across the continent, which reopened the question of whether slavery would spread into the new land. Contextualizing a Period 4 event means placing it among these three.
Review: 4.1 Contextualizing Period 4
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Topic 4.1 · Say it in contextWhat did the Missouri Compromise of 1820 settle, and why does it belong in the context of Period 4?
It settled Missouri's entry into the Union and slavery in the rest of the Louisiana land. It shows new western land setting off contests over slavery.
Review: 4.1 Contextualizing Period 4
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Topic 4.2 · Which one fitsWhich 1803 case first declared a law of Congress unconstitutional, and which ones ruled federal law ahead of state law?
Marbury v. Madison (1803) did the first. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) and Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) put federal law over state law, as John Marshall's Court claimed the final word on the Constitution.
Review: 4.2 The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson
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Topic 4.2 · Say it in contextWhy did the Louisiana Purchase and the embargo raise hard questions for Jefferson, who promised "a wise and frugal Government"?
Both stretched how far federal power reached. Federalists in the seaports opposed his party's trade policies, and the purchase added land the government then explored and sought to control.
Review: 4.2 The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson
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Topic 4.3 · Which one fitsWhich 1814 meeting proposed amendments to protect the Northeast's trade, and which program was Henry Clay's plan to tie the economy together?
The Hartford Convention of 1814 proposed those amendments. Clay's American System paired a protective tariff, a national bank and federal roads and canals.
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Topic 4.3 · Spot the mistakeA student says the Missouri Compromise ended the dispute over slavery in the West. What does the lesson say?
It held the tensions down only for a time. It paired Missouri, a slave state, with Maine, a free state, and banned slavery north of 36°30' in the rest of the Louisiana territory, a line repealed in 1854.
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Topic 4.4 · Which one fitsWhich 1823 statement warned Europe against new colonies in the Americas, and which treaty ended the War of 1812?
The Monroe Doctrine warned Europe against new colonies in the Americas. The Treaty of Ghent, signed December 24, 1814, ended the War of 1812, with each side returning what it had taken.
Review: 4.4 America on the World Stage
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Topic 4.4 · Say it in contextHow did Indian removal in the 1830s connect to the nation's claim to land across North America?
Removal moved nations from east of the Mississippi to the West. Jackson defended it as securing the southwestern frontier, and it opened their land to settlement.
Review: 4.4 America on the World Stage
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Topic 4.5 · Which one fitsWhich of these tied the Northern, Midwestern and English economies to the South: cotton grown by enslaved people, or interchangeable parts?
Cotton grown by enslaved people fed Northern and English mills, so the regions grew more dependent on each other even as slavery spread. Interchangeable parts raised efficiency in factories.
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Topic 4.5 · Say it in contextWhat does "market revolution" mean in 1800 to 1848?
Production and trade came to run through markets, with more goods made for sale to distant buyers. Machines, roads, canals and railroads, backed by lawmakers and courts, made this the normal way goods changed hands.
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Topic 4.6 · Which one fitsDid manufacturing between 1800 and 1848 enlarge the middle class, the laboring poor, or both?
Both grew. Manufacturing raised the standard of living for some, creating a larger middle class and a small wealthy business elite, and also a large and growing population of laboring poor.
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Topic 4.6 · Say it in contextWhat were the separate spheres in the middle-class ideals of this period?
The home as a private sphere for women, and work and politics as a public sphere for men. The ideal fit some families far better than others.
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Topic 4.7 · Which one fitsWhich change in voting rules marked expanding democracy: property qualifications ended for white men, or the vote extended to women?
Property qualifications ended for adult white men. The vote for women was not part of this change in 1800 to 1848, and Alabama's 1819 rules required a white male citizen of 21.
Review: 4.7 Expanding Democracy
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Topic 4.7 · Say it in contextHow did parties organize the new voters?
Democrats used newspapers and rallies to elect Jackson in 1828, and the Whigs won in 1840 with the same methods. By 1828 the popular vote decided most states' electoral votes for president.
Review: 4.7 Expanding Democracy
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Topic 4.8 · Which one fitsWhich Jackson action vetoed a national bank charter in 1832, and which South Carolina action declared federal tariffs null?
Jackson vetoed the bank's new charter, saying it favored the rich. South Carolina's nullification of the 1828 and 1832 tariffs drew Jackson's reply that the Constitution "forms a government, not a league."
Review: 4.8 Jackson and Federal Power
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Topic 4.8 · Say it in contextHow did the Indian Removal Act of 1830 lead to the Cherokee removal of 1838 and 1839?
The act had the federal government press American Indian nations to move west. Many resisted, and the Cherokee were forced out in 1838 and 1839, after Jackson left office.
Review: 4.8 Jackson and Federal Power
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Topic 4.9 · Which one fitsWhich subject made American culture distinctive, and which influences came from Europe: the Hudson River landscape, or neoclassical buildings and Romanticism?
American subjects such as the Hudson River landscape were national. Neoclassical buildings and Romanticism were European influences. The new culture combined both.
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Topic 4.9 · Spot the mistakeA student says every Romantic writer believed society could be perfected. What counters it?
Romantics on the darker side, like Poe, did not share that hope. The belief in human perfectibility shaped much American literature, art and philosophy, but it was not universal.
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Topic 4.10 · Which one fitsDid the Second Great Awakening offer a religion of reason or a religion of the heart?
A religion of the heart. Revivals urged each listener to repent and choose salvation, with conversion felt in public at camp meetings, in reaction against rationalism.
Review: 4.10 The Second Great Awakening
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Topic 4.10 · Say it in contextWhy did revivals fit a time when more ordinary men could vote?
Revival preachers told each listener to choose salvation, an individualistic and democratic message that matched growing political participation and social mobility.
Review: 4.10 The Second Great Awakening
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Topic 4.11 · Which one fitsWhich 1848 document modeled on the Declaration of Independence made demands for women's rights, and where was it issued?
The Declaration of Sentiments, issued at a women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, New York.
Review: 4.11 An Age of Reform
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Topic 4.11 · Say it in contextWhat was a voluntary organization in the age of reform, and what did it aim to do?
A society people chose to join, outside government, to change individual behavior and improve society, such as temperance and antislavery groups. The Second Great Awakening inspired many.
Review: 4.11 An Age of Reform
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Topic 4.12 · Which one fitsWhich plot or revolt of enslaved people occurred in 1800 and which in 1831?
Gabriel's plot in 1800, and Nat Turner's revolt in 1831. All of them failed, along with the German Coast uprising in 1811 and Vesey's plot in 1822.
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Topic 4.12 · Say it in contextHow did free African Americans press for change between 1800 and 1848?
They built churches, schools, newspapers and societies, and used courts, public letters and the antislavery movement to press for change.
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Topic 4.13 · Which one fitsWhich environmental problem in the Southeast pushed slavery west of the Appalachians between 1800 and 1848?
Worn-out soil in the Southeast. Overcultivation wore out soil, and slavery moved to more fertile lands to the west, where it kept growing.
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Topic 4.13 · Spot the mistakeA student says most white Southerners owned enslaved people. What is the mistake?
Most white Southerners owned no enslaved people, yet most Southern leaders argued that slavery was part of the Southern way of life.
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Topic 4.14 · Which one fitsWhich force tied the regions together while helping them grow apart: transportation and factories, or the Monroe Doctrine?
New transportation, factories and farm production sped up the economy, tying the regions together while helping them grow apart. The Monroe Doctrine concerns foreign policy.
Review: 4.14 Causation in Period 4
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Topic 4.14 · Say it in contextHow did expansion in Period 4 connect to the question of slavery?
The United States claimed territory across the continent and promoted trade, and its new western lands set off contests over whether slavery would spread there.
Review: 4.14 Causation in Period 4
Unit 5: Period 5: 1844–1877
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Topic 5.1 · Which one fitsWhich question from 1844 to 1877 dominated politics and split the Union in 1860 and 1861?
Whether slavery could spread into new territories. Each addition of land reopened it, until most slave states seceded and a Union victory and Reconstruction settled slavery but left federal power and citizenship open.
Review: 5.1 Contextualizing Period 5
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Topic 5.1 · Say it in contextWhat does secession mean, and who carried it out in 1860 and 1861?
A state's formal withdrawal from the Union. After the bitter election of 1860, most slave states seceded.
Review: 5.1 Contextualizing Period 5
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Topic 5.2 · Which one fitsWhich belief held that American institutions should spread to the Pacific, and which 1862 laws sped migration west?
Manifest Destiny held that. The Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Act of 1862 boosted migration during and after the Civil War.
Review: 5.2 Manifest Destiny
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Topic 5.2 · Say it in contextWhy did settlers go west between 1844 and 1877?
For natural and mineral resources, economic opportunity and, in some cases, religious refuge. Expansion frequently provoked competition with other nations and violent conflict with American Indians.
Review: 5.2 Manifest Destiny
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Topic 5.3 · Which one fitsWhich treaty ended the Mexican-American War in 1848, and which 1853 purchase completed the southern border?
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war and added vast western lands. The Gadsden Purchase of 1853 completed what is now the southern border.
Review: 5.3 The Mexican–American War
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Topic 5.3 · Say it in contextWhy did the new western lands raise hard questions about slavery?
The Mexican Cession raised whether slavery would be allowed in the new territories, a question Congress could not avoid, and it left open the rights of Mexicans and American Indians already living there.
Review: 5.3 The Mexican–American War
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Topic 5.4 · Which one fitsWhich state entered as a free state under the Compromise of 1850, and which law angered many Northerners?
California entered as a free state. The stricter Fugitive Slave Act angered many in the North even as the settlement eased the immediate crisis.
Review: 5.4 The Compromise of 1850
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Topic 5.4 · Spot the mistakeA student says the Compromise of 1850 banned slavery in all new territories. What is the mistake?
It organized Utah and New Mexico without a ban on slavery. It admitted California as a free state, settled a Texas boundary dispute and ended the slave trade in Washington, DC.
Review: 5.4 The Compromise of 1850
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Topic 5.5 · Which one fitsWhich movement opposed the spread of slavery because it would undermine free labor, and which tried to limit immigrants' power?
The free-soil movement opposed slavery's spread on free labor grounds, not always on principle. Nativism, an anti-Catholic movement, tried to limit immigrants' political power and cultural influence.
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Topic 5.5 · Say it in contextWhat was the positive good argument?
Defenders of slavery claimed it was good for both the enslaved and the free, not only a necessary evil. They answered abolitionists with racial doctrine and the Constitution as well.
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Topic 5.6 · Which one fitsWhich 1854 law let settlers decide on slavery and voided the Missouri Compromise ban, and which 1857 decision denied Black Americans citizenship?
The Kansas-Nebraska Act did the first, using popular sovereignty. The Dred Scott decision held that Black Americans descended from enslaved people could not be citizens and Congress could not ban slavery from a territory.
Review: 5.6 Failure of Compromise
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Topic 5.6 · Say it in contextWhy did slavery and nativism break up the old national parties?
They weakened loyalty to the Democrats and Whigs, the Second Party System ended, and sectional parties rose, most of all the Republican Party in the North.
Review: 5.6 Failure of Compromise
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Topic 5.7 · Which one fitsWhich party won the presidency in 1860 without a Southern electoral vote, and on what platform?
The Republicans, led by Abraham Lincoln, on a free-soil platform that opposed slavery's spread into the territories. Southern leaders read it as a sectional party taking the government.
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Topic 5.7 · Say it in contextWhat did Lincoln answer in March 1861 about secession?
He said he would not touch slavery in the states but that secession was legally void and the Union perpetual. Seven states had already left before he took office.
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Topic 5.8 · Which one fitsWhich advantage did the North hold, and which strategy did the Confederacy rely on?
The North held greater population, factories, railroads and a navy. The Confederacy did not have to conquer the North, only outlast it.
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Topic 5.8 · Say it in contextWhy did Grant matter to the Union's victory?
Lincoln found in Ulysses S. Grant a general with a strategy aimed at the South's armies and the means of supplying them. Grant won at Vicksburg in 1863 and pressed Lee's army in 1864 and 1865, while the North's resources told.
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Topic 5.9 · Which one fitsWhich 1863 order freed enslaved people only in areas in rebellion, and which speech tied the war to the idea that all men are created equal?
The Emancipation Proclamation freed people only in rebelling areas. The Gettysburg Address, also 1863, tied the war to the nation's founding ideals.
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Topic 5.9 · Say it in contextHow did the Emancipation Proclamation change the war's purpose?
Issued as a war measure, it made the war a fight against slavery as well as for the Union and helped keep European powers from fully backing the Confederacy.
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Topic 5.10 · Which one fitsWhich amendment abolished slavery, which defined citizenship, and which barred denying the vote because of race?
The 13th abolished slavery. The 14th made citizens of all persons born or naturalized in the country and promised equal protection. The 15th barred denying the vote on account of race.
Review: 5.10 Reconstruction
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Topic 5.10 · Spot the mistakeA student says the 15th Amendment gave all adults the vote. What is the mistake?
It protected Black men's votes but not women's. That split the women's rights movement, though the amendments also emboldened it.
Review: 5.10 Reconstruction
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Topic 5.11 · Which one fitsWhich farming system kept freedpeople from owning land, and which 1896 ruling upheld segregation?
Sharecropping, farming part of someone else's land for a share of the crop. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld Jim Crow segregation.
Review: 5.11 Failure of Reconstruction
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Topic 5.11 · Say it in contextWhy were the Reconstruction amendments still important after Reconstruction ended?
They stayed in the Constitution, and in 1954 the Supreme Court relied on the 14th to rule school segregation unconstitutional.
Review: 5.11 Failure of Reconstruction
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Topic 5.12 · Which one fitsWhich two questions did the Civil War settle for good?
Slavery ended in every part of the United States, and no state could leave the Union.
Review: 5.12 Comparison in Period 5
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Topic 5.12 · Spot the mistakeA student compares the war's effects without naming a yardstick. What is missing?
A criterion, such as how many people a change reached or how long it lasted. Comparing relative significance needs a stated measure plus evidence.
Review: 5.12 Comparison in Period 5
Unit 6: Period 6: 1865–1898
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Topic 6.1 · Which one fitsWhich pair describes the Gilded Age economy: industrial capitalism with consolidation, or small farms with local markets?
Industrial capitalism with consolidation. Technology, large-scale production and pro-growth policies brought rapid growth, along with hard times, mass migration and debates over what government owed business and citizens.
Review: 6.1 Contextualizing Period 6
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Topic 6.1 · Say it in contextWhy did farmers and workers organize after 1865?
Financial panics and downturns, and the railroads' power over farmers, led them to organize and argue over the economy.
Review: 6.1 Contextualizing Period 6
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Topic 6.2 · Which one fitsWhich paid for railroads and telegraph lines: government subsidies, or western homesteaders?
Government subsidies of land and loans. Most public land went to companies and speculators rather than homesteaders.
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Topic 6.2 · Say it in contextHow did farmers who depended on railroads respond to falling food prices and rail power?
They formed cooperatives, organized in groups such as the Grange and pressed for laws like the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.
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Topic 6.3 · Which one fitsWhich 1868 treaty set apart the Black Hills, and which 1887 law broke reservation land into individual plots?
The Treaty of Fort Laramie set apart the Black Hills, but the government confiscated them in 1877 after gold was found. The Dawes Act divided reservation land into allotments.
Review: 6.3 Westward Expansion: Social and Cultural Development
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Topic 6.3 · Say it in contextWhat was the aim of assimilation policy toward American Indians?
To absorb them into the dominant society's ways of life, denying tribal sovereignty. Many American Indians still preserved their cultures and tribal identities.
Review: 6.3 Westward Expansion: Social and Cultural Development
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Topic 6.4 · Which one fitsWhich economic activity stayed primary in the South: coal mining, or sharecropping and tenant farming?
Sharecropping and tenant farming. Industry grew in some segments, such as coal mining around Birmingham, Alabama.
Review: 6.4 The “New South”
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Topic 6.4 · Say it in contextWhat did Plessy v. Ferguson uphold, and what did it mean for Reconstruction's gains?
A Louisiana law requiring "equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races." It helped mark the end of most of the political gains of Reconstruction.
Review: 6.4 The “New South”
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Topic 6.5 · Which one fitsWhich 1862 law gave railroad builders land, loans and the right to take timber and stone from public lands?
The Pacific Railway Act of 1862. Railroads built with federal aid expanded access to natural resources and widened markets.
Review: 6.5 Technological Innovation
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Topic 6.5 · Say it in contextHow did railroads start a chain of developments in this period, ending in a new kind of federal law?
Railroads created demand for iron and widened markets, growth led businesses to combine, and Congress answered with the first federal regulation of an industry in 1887.
Review: 6.5 Technological Innovation
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Topic 6.6 · Which one fitsWhich 1890 statute outlawed combinations in restraint of trade, and which arrangement put many companies under one board of trustees?
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 outlawed combinations; the Supreme Court narrowed it in 1895. A trust, like the Standard Oil Trust of 1882, put many companies under one board.
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Topic 6.6 · Say it in contextWhy did businesses look to the Pacific Rim, Asia and Latin America?
For markets and resources, as American sugar planters did in Hawaii.
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Topic 6.7 · Which one fitsDid workers' real wages rise or fall as prices dropped, and what happened to the gap between rich and poor?
Real wages rose as many prices fell, and standards of living improved for many, while the gap between rich and poor grew.
Review: 6.7 Labor in the Gilded Age
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Topic 6.7 · Say it in contextWhy did labor and management clash?
The industrial workforce expanded, child labor increased, and workers organized unions or confronted business leaders over wages and working conditions.
Review: 6.7 Labor in the Gilded Age
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Topic 6.8 · Which one fitsWhich was a pull factor and which a push factor: city jobs, or religious persecution?
City jobs were a pull factor. Religious persecution, with poverty and blocked chances to rise, was a push factor at home.
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Topic 6.8 · Say it in contextHow did the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act shape migration?
It suspended the coming of Chinese laborers, an example of laws shaping who could come, while city neighborhoods gave newcomers new cultural opportunities.
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Topic 6.9 · Which one fitsWhich theory justified the success of those at the top as inevitable, and which neighborhood centers, where women like Jane Addams worked, helped immigrants adapt?
Social Darwinism justified the success of those at the top. Settlement houses, where women like Jane Addams worked, helped immigrants adapt to U.S. language and customs.
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Topic 6.9 · Say it in contextWhat did Congress do about citizenship for Chinese immigrants in 1882?
It barred courts from admitting Chinese to citizenship, and it suspended the coming of Chinese laborers. Presidents also called for stricter naturalization.
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Topic 6.10 · Which one fitsWhich jobs built the middle class: managers and clerical workers, or factory laborers?
Managers and male and female clerical workers, with wider access to education, built a distinctive middle class.
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Topic 6.10 · Know the termWhat is the Gospel of Wealth?
The idea that the wealthy had a moral obligation to help the less fortunate, and philanthropists gave to education and to cities.
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Topic 6.11 · Which one fitsWhich movement pushed state laws against railroad monopolies in the 1870s?
The Granger movement of farmers, an agrarian movement. Public demand also helped bring the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.
Review: 6.11 Reform in the Gilded Age
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Topic 6.11 · Say it in contextWhat did women do in 1869 and 1872 to pursue equality?
They formed national suffrage organizations in 1869, petitioned Congress, and in 1872 Susan B. Anthony voted in a planned test of the law.
Review: 6.11 Reform in the Gilded Age
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Topic 6.12 · Which one fitsWhich view said government should leave the economy alone, and which two laws marked a change from it?
Laissez-faire. The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 were a change, though weak enforcement and the courts limited both.
Review: 6.12 Controversies over the Role of Government in the Gilded Age
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Topic 6.12 · Say it in contextWhat did Cleveland mean in 1893 that the government's "functions do not include the support of the people"?
He argued from laissez-faire that government should not intervene to help people in hard times, though competition was said to promote growth in the long run.
Review: 6.12 Controversies over the Role of Government in the Gilded Age
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Topic 6.13 · Which one fitsWhich party did agrarian activists create amid economic instability, and which 1883 law began to replace the spoils system?
The People's (Populist) Party, which called for a stronger government role in regulating the economy. The Pendleton Act of 1883 began to replace the spoils system.
Review: 6.13 Politics in the Gilded Age
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Topic 6.13 · Say it in contextHow did city political machines win votes?
By providing social services, helping immigrants and the poor.
Review: 6.13 Politics in the Gilded Age
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Topic 6.14 · Which one fitsWhich was a continuity, and which a change, in Period 6: Plessy v. Ferguson, or the Interstate Commerce Act?
Plessy v. Ferguson upheld segregation, a continuity. The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 was a change: Congress's first regulation of an industry.
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Topic 6.14 · Spot the mistakeA student says industrialization changed everything in Period 6. Which 1896 ruling qualifies that claim?
Plessy v. Ferguson upheld segregation, a continuity. Older hostility to newcomers also carried through the period.
Unit 7: Period 7: 1890–1945
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Topic 7.1 · Which one fitsWhich conflicts made the United States a world power in Period 7, and which crisis at home brought a limited welfare state?
The war with Spain and the two world wars made it more powerful abroad. The Great Depression, answered by the New Deal, brought the limited welfare state.
Review: 7.1 Contextualizing Period 7
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Topic 7.1 · Say it in contextHow did Progressives and New Dealers respond to the instability of an industrial economy?
Both called for more government action to answer corruption, instability and social problems.
Review: 7.1 Contextualizing Period 7
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Topic 7.2 · Which one fitsWhich side cited self-determination and isolationism, and which cited economic opportunity and the closing of the frontier?
Anti-imperialists cited self-determination and isolationism. Imperialists cited economic opportunity, racial theories, competition with European empires and the belief that the frontier had closed.
Review: 7.2 Imperialism: Debates
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Topic 7.2 · Say it in contextWhy is sourcing key to using documents from the imperialism debate?
Both sides claimed to speak for American ideals, so who wrote a source, for whom and why shows what it can and cannot prove.
Review: 7.2 Imperialism: Debates
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Topic 7.3 · Which one fitsWhich territories did Spain cede in 1898, and which was occupied rather than annexed?
Spain ceded Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. Cuba was occupied, and the Platt Amendment gave the United States a right to intervene there. Congress annexed Hawaii during the war.
Review: 7.3 The Spanish–American War
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Topic 7.3 · Say it in contextHow did the United States respond to Filipino nationalists?
A Filipino nationalist movement fought American rule, and the United States sent an army to suppress what its leaders called an insurrection.
Review: 7.3 The Spanish–American War
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Topic 7.4 · Which one fitsProgressives won amendments for direct election of senators and for prohibition. Which amendment gave women the vote?
The 19th Amendment (1920), women's suffrage. Progressives also won laws such as the Keating-Owen Act, though courts and state laws limited some of them.
Review: 7.4 The Progressives
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Topic 7.4 · Say it in contextHow did preservationists and conservationists differ?
Both backed national parks, but differed on how government should respond to overuse of natural resources: preservationists wanted wild places kept natural, conservationists wanted resources used with planning.
Review: 7.4 The Progressives
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Topic 7.5 · Which one fitsWhich events led Wilson to ask for war in April 1917?
German submarine warfare and the Zimmermann telegram. He framed the war as making the world "safe for democracy."
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Topic 7.5 · Spot the mistakeA student says the United States joined the League of Nations. What is the mistake?
Wilson's League went into the Treaty of Versailles, but the Senate never adopted the treaty and the United States never joined the League.
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Topic 7.6 · Which one fitsWhich movement carried African Americans out of the South during World War I, and which fear after the Russian Revolution fed controls?
The Great Migration carried them north and west. Fear of radicalism after the Russian Revolution fed a Red Scare.
Review: 7.6 World War I: Home Front
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Topic 7.6 · Say it in contextHow did wartime demand for labor change migration?
With European immigration cut off and men in the army, factories recruited workers, and many Americans moved to cities. After the war, quotas restricted immigration from southern and eastern Europe and all of Asia.
Review: 7.6 World War I: Home Front
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Topic 7.7 · Which one fitsWhich technique made cars available to more families, and which medium carried the same programs to millions of homes?
The assembly line, a form of mass production. Radio and film carried news, programs and advertising to millions.
Review: 7.7 1920s: Innovations in Communication and Technology
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Topic 7.7 · Say it in contextHow did radio and cinema both unify and highlight differences?
They spread a shared national culture and also made Americans more aware of regional cultures far from their own.
Review: 7.7 1920s: Innovations in Communication and Technology
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Topic 7.8 · Which one fitsWhich laws of 1921 and 1924 restricted immigration, and which movement was a flowering of Black art centered in Harlem?
Quota laws restricted immigration, especially from southern and eastern Europe. The Harlem Renaissance was the flowering of African American art, music and writing.
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Topic 7.8 · Say it in contextWhat controversies split Americans in the 1920s?
Immigration quotas, gender roles, Prohibition, religion, science and race, even as cities drew women, immigrants and Black southerners with new opportunities.
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Topic 7.9 · Which one fitsWhich weaknesses of the 1920s economy met the crash of October 1929?
Production outpacing demand and a depressed agriculture, with banks that gambled with depositors' money. The crash, bank failures and falling spending fed on one another.
Review: 7.9 The Great Depression
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Topic 7.9 · Say it in contextWhat did the Depression change about what Americans expected from government?
It brought calls for a stronger financial regulatory system and led policymakers to build a limited welfare state.
Review: 7.9 The Great Depression
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Topic 7.10 · Which one fitsWhich three aims did the New Deal pursue at once?
Relief, recovery and reform: help for people in need, a restart of business and farming, and new rules to make the economy safer.
Review: 7.10 The New Deal
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Topic 7.10 · Say it in contextWhy do historians say the New Deal lasted even if it did not end the Depression?
Social Security and the National Labor Relations Board outlasted the Depression, and the coalition of voters it built lasted for decades.
Review: 7.10 The New Deal
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Topic 7.11 · Which one fitsWhich action ended the debate over staying out of World War II: the Lend-Lease aid to Britain, or the attack on Pearl Harbor?
The attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Lend-Lease and aid to Britain came while the nation stayed officially neutral.
Review: 7.11 Interwar Foreign Policy
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Topic 7.11 · Say it in contextWhy did the United States sign treaties in the 1920s yet avoid alliances?
It signed treaties limiting conflict in the Pacific and renouncing war, without taking on duties to enforce them, acting on its own terms.
Review: 7.11 Interwar Foreign Policy
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Topic 7.12 · Which one fitsWhich civil liberties challenge came from wartime fear: the removal of Japanese Americans, or the Bracero Program?
The forced removal and incarceration of about 122,000 people of Japanese descent from the West Coast. The Bracero Program brought Mexican guest workers.
Review: 7.12 World War II: Mobilization
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Topic 7.12 · Say it in contextHow did mobilization change work for women and minorities?
War industries opened new jobs, but most of the gains for women lasted only as long as the war.
Review: 7.12 World War II: Mobilization
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Topic 7.13 · Which one fitsWhich landing happened on June 6, 1944, and which Pacific strategy took one island after another?
D-Day, the Allied landing in Normandy. Island-hopping was the Pacific strategy.
Review: 7.13 World War II: Military
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Topic 7.13 · Say it in contextHow did the atomic bombs of August 1945 affect the war's end and its legacy?
They hastened Japan's surrender in September while starting a lasting debate about their morality. Germany had already surrendered on May 7, 1945.
Review: 7.13 World War II: Military
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Topic 7.14 · Which one fitsWhich 1945 meetings shaped the postwar settlement and the United Nations?
Yalta, San Francisco and Potsdam. The United States hosted the founding of the United Nations and helped set terms for occupied Germany and Japan.
Review: 7.14 Postwar Diplomacy
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Topic 7.14 · Say it in contextWhy did the Soviet Union become a rival by 1947?
The United States could pay for Europe's recovery, but the Soviet Union's control of Eastern Europe made it a rival.
Review: 7.14 Postwar Diplomacy
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Topic 7.15 · Which one fitsWhich two reform eras changed what Americans expected of the federal government in Period 7?
Progressive reform and the New Deal, ending in a limited welfare state.
Review: 7.15 Comparison in Period 7
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Topic 7.15 · Spot the mistakeA student says the New Deal was the most significant change but gives no standard. What is missing?
A stated criterion of historical significance, such as how many people it affected, how deeply and for how long, tested against evidence.
Review: 7.15 Comparison in Period 7
Unit 8: Period 8: 1945–1980
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Topic 8.1 · Which one fitsBesides the Cold War and liberal civil rights efforts, which postwar change in how Americans lived set the context for 1945 to 1980?
Rapid economic and demographic change, bringing optimism along with sharp divisions. Postwar growth and new ways of living set off moral and political debates.
Review: 8.1 Contextualizing Period 8
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Topic 8.1 · Say it in contextHow did liberalism change between the mid-1960s and the 1970s?
It peaked in the mid-1960s, then drew attack from the left and from a resurgent conservative movement.
Review: 8.1 Contextualizing Period 8
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Topic 8.2 · Which one fitsWhich Cold War goal stayed fixed, and which methods changed?
The goal was containing communism. Methods moved between aid, alliances, war in Korea from 1950 to 1953 and, by the early 1970s, détente with the Soviet Union.
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Topic 8.2 · Say it in contextHow did the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 affect détente?
It collapsed détente. The Cold War swung between confrontation and coexistence, including the 1962 missile crisis and the agreements of 1963.
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Topic 8.3 · Which one fitsWhich events made fear of Communist influence spread easily, and which senator's charges grew from it?
A hostile Soviet Union, its atomic explosion of 1949, the Communist victory in China, war in Korea and spy cases such as Alger Hiss's. Senator Joseph McCarthy's charges grew with them.
Review: 8.3 The Red Scare
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Topic 8.3 · Spot the mistakeA student says the fight over exposing Communists was only Democrats against Republicans. What does the evidence show?
Both parties supported containment abroad, and the methods split the Republicans: all 22 senators who voted against censuring McCarthy in 1954 were from his own party.
Review: 8.3 The Red Scare
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Topic 8.4 · Which one fitsWhich laws backed the postwar middle class: the G.I. Bill, or the 1956 highway act?
Both. The G.I. Bill paid for veterans' schooling and backed their home loans. The 1956 highway act authorized $25 billion for interstates.
Review: 8.4 Economy after 1945
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Topic 8.4 · Say it in contextHow did the suburban boom leave some Americans out?
Black veterans were often shut out of white suburban neighborhoods, and new highways cut through poorer city neighborhoods.
Review: 8.4 Economy after 1945
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Topic 8.5 · Which one fitsWhich medium spread fast after 1950, and which group became the first television generation?
Television spread fast after 1950. The baby boom children were the first television generation.
Review: 8.5 Culture after 1945
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Topic 8.5 · Say it in contextWhy did the writers called the Beats challenge the pressure to conform?
Writers such as Jack Kerouac rejected settled middle-class life, a challenge that grew out of the same prosperity and Cold War fears.
Review: 8.5 Culture after 1945
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Topic 8.6 · Which one fitsWhich 1954 ruling said separate educational facilities are inherently unequal, and which 1957 event required troops to enforce court orders?
Brown v. Board of Education (1954). In 1957 Eisenhower sent troops to Little Rock.
Review: 8.6 Early Steps in the Civil Rights Movement (1940s and 1950s)
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Topic 8.6 · Say it in contextWhy was progress slow after Brown?
Resistance followed each step. Brown II asked states to move only "with all deliberate speed."
Review: 8.6 Early Steps in the Civil Rights Movement (1940s and 1950s)
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Topic 8.7 · Which one fitsWhich Latin American government did the United States help overthrow in 1954?
Guatemala's elected government. The United States backed non-Communist governments in Latin America, democratic or not.
Review: 8.7 America as a World Power
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Topic 8.7 · Say it in contextWhich kinds of nuclear tests did the United States agree to end in 1963, and what debate did that reflect?
Tests in the atmosphere, in space and under water. Americans debated a large nuclear arsenal and the military-industrial complex.
Review: 8.7 America as a World Power
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Topic 8.8 · Which one fitsWhich 1954 agreement divided Vietnam, and which 1973 agreement brought American troops home?
The Geneva settlement of 1954 divided Vietnam at a provisional line. The Paris Peace Agreement of 1973 brought troops home.
Review: 8.8 The Vietnam War
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Topic 8.8 · Say it in contextWhat limit on presidential power came out of Vietnam?
Congress passed the War Powers Resolution over Nixon's veto in 1973, limiting a president's power to send troops into combat.
Review: 8.8 The Vietnam War
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Topic 8.9 · Which one fitsWhich Great Society laws used federal power against discrimination and poverty?
The Civil Rights Act, the Economic Opportunity Act, Medicare and Medicaid and the Voting Rights Act.
Review: 8.9 The Great Society
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Topic 8.9 · Say it in contextWhat did the 1965 immigration law change?
It ended national origin quotas that ranked nationalities and had helped keep out almost all Asian immigrants. People now came from around the world.
Review: 8.9 The Great Society
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Topic 8.10 · Which one fitsWhich 1964 law outlawed segregation in public accommodations, and which 1965 law sent federal examiners to register voters?
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Review: 8.10 The African American Civil Rights Movement (1960s)
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Topic 8.10 · Say it in contextWhat did Black Power stress after 1965?
Racial pride, economic empowerment and institutions of their own, as some activists, such as SNCC's Stokely Carmichael, called for it.
Review: 8.10 The African American Civil Rights Movement (1960s)
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Topic 8.11 · Which one fitsWhich proposed amendment stalled at 35 of 38 states, and who led the STOP ERA campaign?
The Equal Rights Amendment. Phyllis Schlafly's STOP ERA helped stall it.
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Topic 8.11 · Say it in contextWhat was the Stonewall Uprising's importance?
It became a turning point in the struggle for equal protection for gay rights, building on activists such as Frank Kameny.
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Topic 8.12 · Which one fitsWhich group attacked liberals from the left, and which rejected older values?
The New Left attacked liberals for doing too little at home and wrong abroad. The counterculture rejected the older generation's values.
Review: 8.12 Youth Culture of the 1960s
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Topic 8.12 · Say it in contextWhat happened in May 1970 at Kent State and Jackson State?
Guardsmen at Kent State and police at Jackson State shot and killed students during growing protest against the Vietnam War.
Review: 8.12 Youth Culture of the 1960s
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Topic 8.13 · Which one fitsWhich events turned concern about pollution into a movement?
An oil spill off Santa Barbara, a fire on the Cuyahoga River and the first Earth Day in 1970.
Review: 8.13 The Environment and Natural Resources from 1968 to 1980
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Topic 8.13 · Say it in contextHow did the oil embargo of 1973 and shock of 1979 change federal policy?
They led to new energy offices and a Department of Energy, as Washington built a national energy policy.
Review: 8.13 The Environment and Natural Resources from 1968 to 1980
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Topic 8.14 · Which one fitsWhich scandal ended with Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974?
Watergate. Together with economic trouble and crises such as the Iran hostage crisis, it lowered confidence in government.
Review: 8.14 Society in Transition
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Topic 8.14 · Say it in contextWhy did evangelical churches matter in politics?
They grew rapidly, and religious conservatives became more active in politics and in fights over women's rights and the family.
Review: 8.14 Society in Transition
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Topic 8.15 · Which one fitsWhich Truman policy and Kennedy pledge show Cold War leadership becoming part of national identity?
The Truman Doctrine and Kennedy's pledge to pay any price. Vietnam set off a debate over how far that leadership should reach.
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Topic 8.15 · Spot the mistakeA student says Americans in 1980 still trusted government to solve problems. What qualifies this?
After Vietnam, the oil embargo and Watergate, presidents spoke of limits, and liberalism was under attack from the left and a resurgent conservative movement.
Unit 9: Period 9: 1980–Present
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Topic 9.1 · Which one fitsBesides a conservative movement and technological and demographic change, which third pattern, about foreign policy, frames the United States after 1980?
A redefined foreign policy and role in the world after the Cold War ended and after the attacks of September 11, 2001.
Review: 9.1 Contextualizing Period 9
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Topic 9.1 · Say it in contextWhat did the conservative movement advance after 1980?
Traditional social values and a reduced role for government, which kept shaping public debate in the decades that followed.
Review: 9.1 Contextualizing Period 9
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Topic 9.2 · Which one fitsWhich Reagan-era policies cut taxes and loosened business rules?
Significant tax cuts and continued deregulation of many industries. Reagan said in 1981 that "government is the problem."
Review: 9.2 Reagan and Conservatism
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Topic 9.2 · Spot the mistakeA student says Reagan's victory ended liberal programs. What does the lesson show?
Efforts to shrink government met inertia and liberal opposition, and many programs remained popular with voters.
Review: 9.2 Reagan and Conservatism
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Topic 9.3 · Which one fitsWhich three factors does the course framework treat as important in ending the Cold War?
Increased U.S. military spending, Reagan's diplomatic initiatives, and political change and economic problems in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.
Review: 9.3 The End of the Cold War
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Topic 9.3 · Say it in contextIn 1985, did Reagan say he sought to increase or to reduce the number of nuclear weapons?
To reduce their number. He paired rebuilt defenses with talks.
Review: 9.3 The End of the Cold War
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Topic 9.4 · Which one fitsWhich jobs grew after 1980 and which declined: service sectors, or manufacturing?
Service sectors grew and manufacturing fell. Union membership declined and real wages stagnated for the working and middle class.
Review: 9.4 A Changing Economy
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Topic 9.4 · Say it in contextHow did digital communications change the economy?
They let Americans take part in more opportunities around the world, increased productivity and transformed daily life through computing, mobile technology and the internet.
Review: 9.4 A Changing Economy
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Topic 9.5 · Which one fitsWhich regions gained influence from domestic migration, and which regions supplied the rising international migration?
The South and West gained influence. Migration from Latin America and Asia increased dramatically in the 1990s and 2000s.
Review: 9.5 Migration and Immigration in the 1990s and 2000s
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Topic 9.5 · Say it in contextWhat limit does a president's inaugural address have as evidence about immigrants?
Each source shows its speaker's view, not immigrants' own experience.
Review: 9.5 Migration and Immigration in the 1990s and 2000s
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Topic 9.6 · Which one fitsWhich law did Congress pass within days of September 11, 2001, and which October 2001 law expanded surveillance?
Congress authorized the president to use force against those behind the attacks. The USA PATRIOT Act expanded surveillance, and senators disagreed over the balance with civil liberties.
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Topic 9.6 · Say it in contextWhat debates over energy and consumption did conflicts in the Middle East and climate concerns raise?
Debates over how far to depend on fossil fuels and on consumption.
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Topic 9.7 · Which one fitsPeriod 9 causation weighs a conservative movement and new technology with a changing population. What third force, about the nation's place abroad, does it add?
A new role in the world, redefined by the end of the Cold War and the attacks of September 11, 2001.
Review: 9.7 Causation in Period 9
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Topic 9.7 · Spot the mistakeA student argues technology mattered most without testing the claim. What is missing?
Evidence that cuts the other way, used to qualify or modify the claim. A strong argument tests it instead of only corroborating it.
Review: 9.7 Causation in Period 9